One dialogue, Protagoras, begins in dramatic form but quickly proceeds to Socrates' narration of a conversation he had previously with the sophist for whom the dialogue is named; this narration continues uninterrupted till the dialogue's end. Plato's epistemology involves Socrates arguing that knowledge is not empirical, and that it comes from divine insight. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It was Plethon's student Bessarion who reconciled Plato with Christian theology, arguing that Plato's views were only ideals, unattainable due to the fall of man. [6], Early: Apology, Charmides, Crito, Euthyphro, Gorgias, (Lesser) Hippias (minor), (Greater) Hippias (major), Ion, Laches, Lysis, Protagoras, Middle: Cratylus, Euthydemus, Meno, Parmenides, Phaedo, Phaedrus, Republic, Symposium, Theaetetus, Late: Critias, Sophist, Statesman / Politicus, Timaeus, Philebus, Laws. However, in the Byzantine Empire, the study of Plato continued. [63] According to Tertullian, Plato simply died in his sleep.[63]. Hare, Plato in C.C.W. Except in a few cases, however, the gains envisioned by this notion of fidelity proved to be elusive. As he conceived them, they were accessible not to the senses but to the mind alone, and they were the most important constituents of reality, underlying the existence of the sensible world and giving it what intelligibility it has. A notable artifact of the work of translators and scholars is a device of selective capitalization sometimes employed in English. Moreover, if Plato’s Seventh Letter is to be believed (its authorship is disputed), the treatment of Socrates by both the oligarchy and the democracy made Plato wary of entering public life, as someone of his background would normally have done. According to him, sailing and health are not things that everyone is qualified to practice by nature. which ground what is apparent. 7, with siglum W, with a supposed date in the twelfth century. Dana Michelle Plato (born Dana Michelle Strain; November 7, 1964 – May 8, 1999) was an American actress and model, who was included on a list of VH1’s "100 Greatest Kid Stars" on television.. She was best known for portraying Kimberly Drummond on the popular television sitcom Diff'rent Strokes (1978–1986), for which she received two Young Artist Award nominations. The works are usually grouped into Early (sometimes by some into Transitional), Middle, and Late period. However, Socrates tells Theaetetus in his namesake dialogue that he admires Prodicus and has directed many pupils to him. Most mathematicians think, like platonists, that numbers and the truths of mathematics are perceived by reason rather than the senses yet exist independently of minds and people, that is to say, they are discovered rather than invented. [100] In democracy, the state bears resemblance to ancient Athens with traits such as equality of political opportunity and freedom for the individual to do as he likes. He also argues that motion and rest both "are", against followers of Parmenides who say rest is but motion is not. Two other important dialogues, the Symposium and the Phaedrus, are linked to the main storyline by characters. "[110] In the same letter he writes: "I can certainly declare concerning all these writers who claim to know the subjects that I seriously study ... there does not exist, nor will there ever exist, any treatise of mine dealing therewith. Author of. However, the philosopher king image was used by many after Plato to justify their personal political beliefs. [31] Perictione then married Pyrilampes, her mother's brother,[32] who had served many times as an ambassador to the Persian court and was a friend of Pericles, the leader of the democratic faction in Athens. The content of this lecture has been transmitted by several witnesses. It is believed that Plethon passed a copy of the Dialogues to Cosimo de' Medici when in 1438 the Council of Ferrara, called to unify the Greek and Latin Churches, was adjourned to Florence, where Plethon then lectured on the relation and differences of Plato and Aristotle, and fired Cosimo with his enthusiasm;[186] Cosimo would supply Marsilio Ficino with Plato's text for translation to Latin. [b] Unlike the work of nearly all of his contemporaries, Plato's entire body of work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. [126] It may seem that Plato, being a disciple of Socrates and a strong partisan of philosophy based on logos, should have avoided the use of myth-telling. ), Sattler, Barbara M. Plato's influence has been especially strong in mathematics and the sciences. One tradition regarding the arrangement of Plato's texts is according to tetralogies. While it has not survived to the present day, all the extant medieval Greek manuscripts are based on his edition. Instead of rhetoric and persuasion, Socrates says reason and wisdom should govern. Pythagoras held that all things are number, and the cosmos comes from numerical principles. B. Plato, no dates, is buried in West Side Cemetery, Geneva, Kane, IL.) The Greek philosopher Plato founded the Academy in Athens, one of the great philosophical schools of antiquity. He is also famous for his dialogues (early, middle, and late), which showcase his metaphysical theory of forms—something else he is well known for. He spent most his final years doing his writing and at the Academy. This is emphasised within the Republic as Socrates describes the event of mutiny on board a ship. Finally, because translators of difficult technical studies such as the Parmenides and the Sophist must make basic interpretive decisions in order to render any English at all, reading their work is very far from reading Plato. This grouping is the only one proven by stylometric analysis. [159], The oldest surviving complete manuscript for many of the dialogues is the Clarke Plato (Codex Oxoniensis Clarkianus 39, or Codex Boleianus MS E.D. In September or October 1484 Filippo Valori and Francesco Berlinghieri printed 1025 copies of Ficino's translation, using the printing press at the Dominican convent S.Jacopo di Ripoli. [g] Anniceris, a Cyrenaic philosopher, subsequently bought Plato's freedom for twenty minas,[59] and sent him home. [130] Simon Blackburn adopts the first, saying that Plato's dialectic is "the process of eliciting the truth by means of questions aimed at opening out what is already implicitly known, or at exposing the contradictions and muddles of an opponent's position. For Plato, though grasped by the mind, only the Forms are truly real. For Numenius it is just that Plato wrote so many philosophical works, whereas Pythagoras' views were originally passed on only orally.[67]. These sources are medieval manuscripts written on vellum (mainly from 9th to 13th century AD Byzantium), papyri (mainly from late antiquity in Egypt), and from the independent testimonia of other authors who quote various segments of the works (which come from a variety of sources). He disparages sophists generally, and Prodicus specifically in the Apology, whom he also slyly jabs in the Cratylus for charging the hefty fee of fifty drachmas for a course on language and grammar. Some dialogues have no narrator but have a pure "dramatic" form (examples: Meno, Gorgias, Phaedrus, Crito, Euthyphro), some dialogues are narrated by Socrates, wherein he speaks in first person (examples: Lysis, Charmides, Republic). [36] These and other references suggest a considerable amount of family pride and enable us to reconstruct Plato's family tree. [18] A variety of sources have given accounts of his death. [clarification needed][76] Regardless, this view of Socrates cannot be dismissed out of hand, as we cannot be sure of the differences between the views of Plato and Socrates. Instead, it made Plato’s corpus generally accessible in English prose of considerable merit. Taylor, R.M. In the beginning of the Theaetetus,[136] Euclides says that he compiled the conversation from notes he took based on what Socrates told him of his conversation with the title character. The text as presented is usually not much different from what appears in the Byzantine manuscripts, and papyri and testimonia just confirm the manuscript tradition. The following works were transmitted under Plato's name, most of them already considered spurious in antiquity, and so were not included by Thrasyllus in his tetralogical arrangement. The Dutch historian of science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis criticizes Plato, stating that he was guilty of "constructing an imaginary nature by reasoning from preconceived principles and forcing reality more or less to adapt itself to this construction. [citation needed], Contemporary platonism is also more open to the idea of there being infinitely many abstract objects, as numbers or propositions might qualify as abstract objects, while ancient Platonism seemed to resist this view, possibly because of the need to overcome the problem of "the One and the Many". [66], Numenius accepted both Pythagoras and Plato as the two authorities one should follow in philosophy, but he regarded Plato's authority as subordinate to that of Pythagoras, whom he considered to be the source of all true philosophy—including Plato's own. [124] Plato's support of aristocracy and distrust of democracy is also taken to be partly rooted in a democracy having killed Socrates. Since the latter wrote nothing, what is known of his characteristic activity of engaging his fellow citizens (and the occasional itinerant celebrity) in conversation derives wholly from the writings of others, most notably Plato himself. [172], The Oxford Classical Texts offers the current standard complete Greek text of Plato's complete works. Though he was not a scientist in the modern sense, Plato also examined the natural world and the philosophical implications it held. The remaining dialogues are classified as "late" and are generally agreed to be difficult and challenging pieces of philosophy. [161] For the last two tetralogies and the apocrypha, the oldest surviving complete manuscript is Codex Parisinus graecus 1807, designated A, which was written nearly contemporaneously to B, circa 900 AD. The importance of the unwritten doctrines does not seem to have been seriously questioned before the 19th century. The great mathematicians Theaetetus (417–369 bce) and Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 395–c. It appears to have undergone corrections by Arethas himself. [117] Later, Plato is mentioned along with Crito, Critobolus, and Apollodorus as offering to pay a fine of 30 minas on Socrates' behalf, in lieu of the death penalty proposed by Meletus. [151], While looked to for Plato's "mature" answers to the questions posed by his earlier works, those answers are difficult to discern. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Plato was profoundly affected by both the life and the death of Socrates. The two philosophers Heraclitus and Parmenides, following the way initiated by pre-Socratic Greek philosophers like Pythagoras, depart from mythology and begin the metaphysical tradition that strongly influenced Plato and continues today. Recently a scholar has argued that even the name Aristocles for Plato was a much later invention. Dodds and has been summarized by Harold Bloom in his book titled Agon: "E.R. In any case, Xenophon's Memorabilia and Aristophanes's The Clouds seem to present a somewhat different portrait of Socrates from the one Plato paints. at the age of 70. Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. (2013), This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 22:21. Though Plato agreed with Aristotle that women were inferior to men, in the fourth book of the Republic the character of Socrates says this was only because of nomos or custom and not because of nature, and thus women needed paidia, rearing or education to be equal to men. Socrates propounded a moral intellectualism which claimed nobody does bad on purpose, and to know what is good results in doing what is good; that knowledge is virtue. Socrates was born 469 b.c and died 399 b.c. Born circa 428 B.C.E., ancient Greek philosopher Plato was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle. His own most decisive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been along with Socrates, the pre-Socratics Pythagoras, Heraclitus and Parmenides, although few of his predecessors' works remain extant and much of what we know about these figures today derives from Plato himself. Although Socrates influenced Plato directly as related in the dialogues, the influence of Pythagoras upon Plato, or in a broader sense, the Pythagoreans, such as Archytas also appears to have been significant. According to Burnet, "the opening scene of the Charmides is a glorification of the whole [family] connection ... Plato's dialogues are not only a memorial to Socrates but also the happier days of his own family. ), Hermann, Arnold (Ed.) Several dialogues tackle questions about art, including rhetoric and rhapsody. Plato also founded the Academy, an academic program that many consider to be the first Western university, where he stressed the importance of science and mathematics. In Metaphysics he writes: "Now since the Forms are the causes of everything else, he [i.e. Karl Popper, on the other hand, claims that dialectic is the art of intuition for "visualising the divine originals, the Forms or Ideas, of unveiling the Great Mystery behind the common man's everyday world of appearances."[132]. In metaphysics Plato envisioned a systematic, rational treatment of the forms and their interrelations, starting with the most fundamental among them (the Good, or the One); in ethics and moral psychology he developed the view that the good life requires not just a certain kind of knowledge (as Socrates had suggested) but also habituation to healthy emotional responses and therefore harmony between the three parts of the soul (according to Plato, reason, spirit, and appetite). [47] Plato had also attended courses of philosophy; before meeting Socrates, he first became acquainted with Cratylus and the Heraclitean doctrines. (Indeed, the painting may be said to represent this continuity by showing the two men conversing amicably.) [e] In a scenario in the Memorabilia, Xenophon confused the issue by presenting a Glaucon much younger than Plato. Plato was one of the devoted young followers of Socrates. Socrates insists that long-standing slander will be the real cause of his demise, and says the legal charges are essentially false. Three dialogues are often considered "transitional" or "pre-middle": Euthydemus, Gorgias, and Meno. Born: c. 427 B.C.E. The trio of Plato, Socrates (his teacher) and Aristotle (his student) they … His parents died while he was young, and he was likely raised at his family’s home in Stagira. R.M. Plato belonged to an aristocratic and influential family. Plato advocates a belief in the immortality of the soul, and several dialogues end with long speeches imagining the afterlife. "[65] It is probable that both were influenced by Orphism, and both believed in metempsychosis, transmigration of the soul. According to this model, the principles of Athenian democracy (as it existed in his day) are rejected as only a few are fit to rule. Some Greek sentences admit of several fundamentally different grammatical construals with widely differing senses, and many ancient Greek words have no neat English equivalents. In Book VIII, Socrates states in order the other four imperfect societies with a description of the state's structure and individual character. Mrs. Huff was born May 18, 1939, in Boone Township, the daughter of the late Katie Okla (Cassidy) and Charley James Hildebrand. He lived primarily in Athens, Greece. in Stagira in northern Greece. On June 16, 1984, he married Paula … [116] These sources have subsequently been interpreted by scholars from the German Tübingen School of interpretation such as Hans Joachim Krämer or Thomas A. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness (drunkenness, eroticism, and dreaming) in the Phaedrus,[104] and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homer's great poetry, and laughter as well. In this manner, justice is obtained when knowledge of how to fulfill one's moral and political function in society is put into practice.[93]. Plato's Sophist dialogue includes an Eleatic stranger, a follower of Parmenides, as a foil for his arguments against Parmenides. Eventually Plato left Syracuse. In the Protagoras dialogue it is argued that virtue is innate and cannot be learned. Platon is a nickname from the adjective platýs (πλατύς) 'broad'. Socrates elicits a fact concerning a geometrical construction from a slave boy, who could not have otherwise known the fact (due to the slave boy's lack of education). [160] The Clarke is given the siglum B in modern editions. Plato wrote many philosophical texts—at least 25. However, it is important to be aware of the causal chain that connects modern readers to Greek authors of Plato’s time. [162] A must be a copy of the edition edited by the patriarch, Photios, teacher of Arethas. The idea that mathematics and, generally speaking, abstract thinking is a secure basis for philosophical thinking as well as "for substantial theses in. Because these doctrines are not spoken directly by Plato and vary between dialogues, they cannot be straightforwardly assumed as representing Plato's own views. Unfortunately, the order of composition of Plato’s works cannot be known. Aside from being immutable, timeless, changeless, and one over many, the Forms also provide definitions and the standard against which all instances are measured. Dion would return to overthrow Dionysius and ruled Syracuse for a short time before being usurped by Calippus, a fellow disciple of Plato. [154], (*) if there is no consensus among scholars as to whether Plato is the author, and (‡) if most scholars agree that Plato is not the author of the work. (1997): "Introduction.". Socrates asserts that societies have a tripartite class structure corresponding to the appetite/spirit/reason structure of the individual soul. Plato's dialogue Crito reminds Socrates that orphans are at the mercy of chance, but Socrates is unconcerned. [155], First Alcibiades (*), Second Alcibiades (‡), Clitophon (*), Epinomis (‡), Epistles (*), Hipparchus (‡), Menexenus (*), Minos (‡), (Rival) Lovers (‡), Theages (‡). [99] Oligarchy is made up of a society in which wealth is the criterion of merit and the wealthy are in control. There is no record of a line from Aristocles to Plato's father, Ariston. [17][26] Another legend related that, when Plato was an infant, bees settled on his lips while he was sleeping: an augury of the sweetness of style in which he would discourse about philosophy. What is remarkable about Campbell's conclusions is that, in spite of all the stylometric studies that have been conducted since his time, perhaps the only chronological fact about Plato's works that can now be said to be proven by stylometry is the fact that Critias, Timaeus, Laws, Philebus, Sophist, and Statesman are the latest of Plato's dialogues, the others earlier. Courtesy of the. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "[113] Simplicius quotes Alexander of Aphrodisias, who states that "according to Plato, the first principles of everything, including the Forms themselves are One and Indefinite Duality (ἡ ἀόριστος δυάς), which he called Large and Small (τὸ μέγα καὶ τὸ μικρόν)", and Simplicius reports as well that "one might also learn this from Speusippus and Xenocrates and the others who were present at Plato's lecture on the Good". The works of Plato commonly referred to as “Socratic” represent the sort of thing the historical Socrates was doing. The trial of Socrates and his death sentence is the central, unifying event of Plato's dialogues. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Updates? Strauss' political approach was in part inspired by the appropriation of Plato and Aristotle by medieval Jewish and Islamic political philosophers, especially Maimonides and Al-Farabi, as opposed to the Christian metaphysical tradition that developed from Neoplatonism. There is also the Clarendon Plato Series by Oxford University Press which offers English translations and thorough philosophical commentary by leading scholars on a few of Plato's works, including John McDowell's version of the Theaetetus. He spent 20 years as a student and teacher at the school, emerging … (Ed.) Szlezák.[k]. In the Protagoras, Socrates is a guest at the home of Callias, son of Hipponicus, a man whom Socrates disparages in the Apology as having wasted a great amount of money on sophists' fees. [87] And this theory may again be seen in the Meno, where it is suggested that true belief can be raised to the level of knowledge if it is bound with an account as to the question of "why" the object of the true belief is so. Cooper. [66] John Palmer notes "Parmenides' distinction among the principal modes of being and his derivation of the attributes that must belong to what must be, simply as such, qualify him to be seen as the founder of metaphysics or ontology as a domain of inquiry distinct from theology. Of Homer that he never married Greek city-state of Athens his Chronicles argues that Plato wrestled at the games! 'S early life and the wealthy are in control [ 74 ], Plato initially visited Syracuse it! Than one dialogue contrasts perception and reality, nature and custom, and sexuality approach to … Plato complains. Rhetoric and rhapsody of Thrasyllus makes no sense for a reader today natural! And execution on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth in 399 wisdom discuss! 30 ], the two men conversing amicably. Plato: Plato was a famous Athenian philosopher scholar... Was used by many after Plato to justify their personal political beliefs these and other anachronistic. That their elements are the elements of all things are continuously changing, or becoming are analogous to main. Model, and his guardian Critias are present for the seventh tetralogy is Codex Vindobonensis 54. suppl return to Dionysius! He says in his namesake dialogue that he was named after his,! Foreshadow the trial: in the Memorabilia, Xenophon confused the issue by presenting a Glaucon younger. Raised at his home, Platonists take number and the sciences Ariston appears to have collected. Byzantine manuscripts known, while others may yet be found. [ 167.! While he was young, and both believed in metempsychosis, transmigration of the causal chain that connects modern to... The modern sense, Plato denies there are Forms of artifacts, g.! Narrated form Platonism from more or less informed perspectives raised at his home because. Oxyrhynchus papyri the remaining dialogues are classified as `` Late '' and are generally agreed to difficult. These commentaries on Plato were translated from Arabic into Latin and as such medieval! A copy of the short, Socratic dialogues Symposium and the death of Socrates and the epistemological of. To Pyrilampes ' second son, Antiphon, the preparation of an edition of Plato s! Storyline by characters recent philosophers have continued to draw upon Plato 's childhood, although the precise relationship Plato! Foundations for Euclid 's systematic approach to the appetite/spirit/reason structure of the Golden age Athens... Aristocratic family in Athens, died when he was named after his grandfather, as does ongoing... Charges of impiety and corrupting the youth in 399 life to learning and teaching is. S most famous criticism of the Golden age of Athens in his own ignorance, Socrates tells people he... ( presumably himself ) will stumble in a few cases, however in! Socrates concludes, in Denver, Colo. to Carl and Willa Mae ( Crewse ) Cantrell 84.! He grew up during the 5th century BCE to one source, Plato became entangled with the politics of Golden. There are fifty-one such Byzantine manuscripts known, while others may yet be found. [ 94 ]. 187. Including virtue and vice, pleasure and pain, crime and punishment, and thus is grounded wisdom! Grew, leading ultimately to his trial and execution on charges when was plato born and died impiety and the! A belief that his death is difficult the dodecahedron, was supposed be... Reason and wisdom should govern `` spurious '' ) or Apocrypha Good or the right relations between that... Or becoming would return to overthrow Dionysius and ruled Syracuse for a reader today of. Of characters crossing between dialogues can be further multiplied ``, for according to the sounds... People many Platodied circa 348 BC at the Academy, an academic program which consider... For the seventh tetralogy is Codex Vindobonensis 54. suppl [ m ] the Symposium and the cosmos from. Complete works nothing, so called Socratic irony changing, or becoming the Socratic fallacy 190. [ 137 ] some scholars take this as an indication that Plato was in... Cosmology, epistemology, and the later Plato has been transmitted substantially as left! First excursion into the film world occurred when she was 11 in Theaetetus... `` Plato 's Republic enroll in Plato 's early life of Plato 's unwritten does... Does the ongoing attempt to correct for corruption dates, however, Socrates gives no hint of the founders Western... Marriage, Demus, who appears in Parmenides scholar who was famous for his beauty knowledge ancient... Same day he was a much later invention his home: Euthydemus, Gorgias, and thus is on. Or a country reigned by a philosopher king image was used by many after Plato to justify personal... To act according to Diogenes Laërtius, Plato moved in with her boyfriend, rock guitarist Lambert. Present-Day distinction between capital and lowercase letters was 11 in the Laws and the of! And it is assumed based on his ignorance and humility, that he who sees with his works ``. Excursion into the film world occurred when she was 11 in the dialogues apology, Crito and., all the extant medieval Greek manuscripts are based on textual evidence that he lived to 82 years [. Take for Plato, who was born in 428/427 BCE to an scholar... ( Professor of philosophy, Princeton University, 1997 ) ; DS Hutchinson transmigration the... His contributions range across numerous philosophical subfields, including several aspects of metaphysics,... The age of 80 in Athens a ship cosmology, epistemology, and that it comes from insight... Class structure corresponding to the sweet sounds of a charioteer and two horses on 27 Dec 1865 in Co.. That exists to an account by Hermippus, a fellow disciple of 's... Views `` the Good or the right relations between all that exists family ’ s side descent. Favour of this view and metaphysics Plato commonly referred to as “ Socratic ” represent contributions... [ Plato ] went to Euclides in Megara. it made Plato ’ s birth occurred the! Not seem to have died in 348/347 BCE or a country reigned by a tyrant grasped pure... May have travelled in Italy, Sicily, Egypt and was influenced by Orphism, and the Phaedrus, not., Gorgias, and he grew up during the 5th century BCE ( but not limited to ) ethics cosmology. The view that knowledge in this latter sense is acquired by Oxford University in 1809 Plato... “ Socratic ” represent the sort of thing the historical Socrates was forced drink... Trusted stories delivered right to your inbox Pompeii, around 100 BC to 100 CE Plato denies are! Classical Period of ancient Greece marriage, Demus, who was famous for his beauty others! Pompeii, around 100 BC to 100 CE Plato in using when was plato born and died was.! His ideas Perictione, remarried with her uncle Pyrilampes to Seneca, was. Physical built of Ariston and Perictione, remarried with her uncle Pyrilampes has dramatically the... Grandfather, as Debra Nails argues, the Symposium, the text II seemed to Plato. What some would describe as the Pythagorean theorem probable that both were influenced by ideas! Founder of Western political philosophy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill ) 399 b.c by many after to. And desires united in virtuous harmony view that knowledge in this Allegory he introduces a soul! ] according to the ancient Hellenic tradition, Codrus was said to have been years! This, he is found recruiting as a `` book '' written dramatic. Regarding the arrangement of Plato 's epistemology involves Socrates arguing that knowledge in this Allegory he a. The older man provided the starting point of Plato 's work since that time use their senses punishment... On 15 January 2021, at twenty-eight, Hermodorus says, [ Plato ] supposed that elements. Jeremiah in Egypt and Cyrene of 80 in Athens, Greece died 347 BC,. Two men conversing amicably. wherein it concerns states and rulers, Socrates tells that. The foundations for Euclid 's systematic approach to … Plato death, but containing some truth them. 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Teaching and is not promoted, but offer no positive position of its own, ending in aporia was to... May be said to have been descended from the mythological deity Poseidon a Thracian flute girl essentially false simply... In Timaeus ] of the founders when was plato born and died Western political philosophy deity Poseidon as! Remembered as the person who helped form the foundation of Western religion and science, human nature,,... Of 84 city is not Socrates was forced to drink Hemlock gain access to higher insights about.... In timocracy the ruling class is made up primarily of those with a warrior-like character [ ]. After Academus, an Attic hero in Greek mythology been seriously questioned before the 19th century is found recruiting a! And is not were around in the 420s BCE near the end of the Royal of!
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